Journal of Computational Chemistry & Molecular Modeling

ISSN: 2473-6260

Impact Factor: 0.827

VOLUME: 1 ISSUE: 1

Page No: 5-12

PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND MODIFICATION OF GUM ARABIC FOR POSSIBLE USE AS ADDITIVE FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)


Co-Authors

Paul A. P. Mamza, David M. Arthur, Aliyu M. Ja\'o

Citation

Sani Idris Alhassan, PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND MODIFICATION OF GUM ARABIC FOR POSSIBLE USE AS ADDITIVE FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)(2015)SDRP Journal of Computational Chemistry & Molecular Modelling 1(1)

Abstract

Gum Arabic exudate was collected from Acacia senegal trees around Zaria metropolis, purified in 95% ethanol and its physical and chemical modifications carried out. Physical modification of the gum involved plasticization of the gum with glycerol and ethylene glycol. The chemical method was performed by acid hydrolysis, acetolysis and acetate formation. Appearance of both modifications was observed after three days of drying. Acetic anhydride (AAH), acetolysis (ACT) and ethylene glycol (EGL) modifications became hard and solid, and were ground to powder. Glycerol (GLY) turned very sticky and acid hydrolysis (AHY) turned into a viscous liquid. From characterization of the samples, all modifications were found to be less dense than the pure gum Arabic sample (PGM). AHY sample was found to be more turbid and has the highest conductivity value followed by AAH sample. pH of all samples was found to be below 7.0, indicating acidic nature of the gums. Melting point measurements showed that all test samples have lower melting point values than the pure gum. The viscosities of aqueous dispersions containing different concentrations of pure gum Arabic and that of the modified gums were determined. When concentration was varied for each gum, the viscosities of the solutions increased with increasing concentration. At each concentration the viscosity of AHY is far below that of the other samples, this is attributed to the fact that acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides normally breaks polysaccharides down to their monomers, dimers and some oligosaccharides FTIR spectra of the pure and chemically modified samples were studied. It was found that there were shifts and absorptions at different frequencies, indicating degree of interaction between the gum and the modifying solvents.

References

  1. Abu Baker, A.; Tahir, A. and Sabah Elkheir, M.K. (2007). Effect of Tree and Nodule Age on some Physicochemical Properties of Gum from Acacia senegal (L.) Wild., Sudan. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 866-870.

  2. Ahmed, S.E.; Mohamed, B.E. and Karamalla, K.A.(2009). Analytical Studies on the Gum Exudates fromAnogeissus leiocarpus. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,8(6): 782-786. www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin1180.pdf

    View Article           
  3. Anderson, D. M. W., Miller, J. R. A., Weiping Wang, (1999). Gum Arabic (acacia Senegal): Unambigious identification by 13C-NMR Spectroscopy as adjunct to the revised JECFA specification, and the application of 13C-NMR for regulatory/registratory purposes. Food Additives and Contaminants. 8, 405-421. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1806390

    View Article           
  4. Al-Assaf, S., Phillip, G. O., Williams, P. A. (2005). Studies on acacia exudates gums, part 1: the molecular weight of acacia Senegal gum exudates. Food Hydrocolloids. 19, 647-660.

    View Article           
  5. Debon S. J. J and Tester R. F (2001), Food chemistry., 73, 401 doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146 (00) 00312-5.

  6. Bochkov A. F., and Zaikov G. E, (1979), "Chemistry of the O-Glycosidic Bond: Formation and Cleavage", Pergamon Press, New York. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14356007.a08_523.pub3/abstract

    View Article           
  7. Boy Cornils and Peter Lappe (2006)"Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_523

    View Article           
  8. Elnour, A.A.; Elsayed, M.E.O. and Abdalla, A.A.(2009). Retrieved October 7, 2011 from http:www.tropentag.de/2009/abstracts/full/157.pdf.

  9. Emken, Edward A. (1994). "Metabolism of dietary stearic acid relative to other fatty acids in human subjects". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60 (6): 1023S?1028S. PMID 7977144. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7977144

  10. Espinosa-Andrews, H., Lobato-Calleros, C., Loeza- Corte, J. M., Beristain, C. T., Rodriquez-Huezo, M. E., and Vernon- Carter, E. J., (2008) Quantification of the Composition of Gum Arabic-chitosan coacervates by HPLC, Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Quimica, 7(3): 293-298.

  11. Gilcksman M. and Sand R. E. (1973), "Gum Arabic; Industrial Gum Polysaccharides and their Derivatives", Academic Press, New York. www.jpharmsci.org/article/S0095-9553(15)36122-9/pdf

  12. Gunstone, F. D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra., (2007) The Lipid Handbook with Cd-Rom. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN-10: 0849396883 | ISBN-13: 978-0849396885

  13. Guthrie R. D., (1974), "Introduction to Carbohydrate Chemistry", 4th edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 14. Fekete E, Foldes E, and Pukanszky B., (2005), European Polymer Journal. 41 727.

  14. Hunter, J. Edward; Zhang, Jun; Kris-Etherton, Penny M. (January 2010). "Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (American Society for Nutrition) 91 (1): 46?63. DOI:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27661. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 19939984.

    View Article           
  15. Hoch, M. 2001. Organotin compounds in the environment ? an overview Applied Geochemistry, Volume 16, Issues 7-8. pp 719-743. 00067-6

    View Article           
  16. Latini, G. et al. 2003. In Utero exposure to Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and human pregnancy duration. Environmental Health Perspectives 111:1783-1785.

    View Article           
  17. Malik, H., Gupta, N. and Sarkar, A. (2002). Anisotropic electrical conduction in gum arabic?A biopolymer. Material Science Engineering C. 20: 215?218 00036-X

    View Article           
  18. Odeku, O.A. and Fell, J.T. (2004). Evaluation of Khaya gum as directly compressible matrix system for cointrolled release. Journal of Pharmacoloy. 56: 1365-137

    View Article           
  19. Oluyemsis A. B., Vivek R. S., Ruchita K and Oluwatoyin A. O, (2010) " Characterization and Evaluation of Terminalia randii gum as a Binder in Carvedilol Tablet Formulation", Acta pharmaceutica scienticia 52: 254-262.

  20. Osman M. E., Menzies, A. R., Williams, P. A., Phillip, G. O. and Baldwin, T. C. (1993). The molecular characterization of the polysaccharide gum from acacia Senegal. Carbohydrate Research, 246, 303-318. 84042-5

    View Article           
  21. Quevauviller, P. 1991. Leaching of organotin compounds from poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) material. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5(2) 125?129.

    View Article           
  22. Randall, R. C., Phillips, G. O., Williams, P. A. (1989), "Fractionation and characterization of gum from acacia Senegal", Food Hydrocolloids, 3, 65-75 80034-7

    View Article           
  23. Smolinske, S. C. (1992), "Handbook of Food, Drug and Cosmetic Excipients", Published by CRC Press LLC, Florida, USA. pp.

  24. Verbeken, D., Dierckx, S., Dewettinck, K., (2003), "Exudates Gums: Occurrence, Production and Application", Applied Microbial Biotechnology, 63, 10-12,

    View Article           
  25. Williams, P. A. (2000), "Handbook of Hydrocolloids", Published by Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, London. Pp. 155-159.

Journal Recent Articles