Journal of Food Science & Technology

ISSN: 2472-6419

Impact Factor: 1.343

VOLUME: 4 ISSUE: 2

Page No: 652-658

Optimization of Key Techniques for Ethanol Extraction of Camellia Seed Oil by Response Surface Experiment


Affiliation

Yijun LIU 1, 2*, Yuen LIANG 3, Xiaofei LI 3, Jihua LI 1,2

  1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Products Processing Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong 524001, P. R. China
  2. Hainan Key Laboratory of Storage & processing of fruits and vegetablesZhanjiang 524001, PR China
  3. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Guangdong 524048, P. R. China

Article Reviewed By:

Andriele M Barbosa(andrielemendonca@yahoo.com.br)

Yilong Ma(yilong.ma@hfut.edu.cn)

Marilena Sanfilippo(msanfilippo@unime.it)

Kaoshan Chen(ksc313@126.com)

Citation

liu yijun, Optimization of Key Techniques for Ethanol Extraction of Camellia Seed Oil by Response Surface Experiment(2019)SDRP Journal of Food Science & Technology 4(2)

Abstract

The ethanol extraction method was utilized to extract the oil from camellia seed oil. Single-factor tests were applied to study the effects of ethanol concentration, material/solvent ratio and extraction temperature on the yield of camellia seed oil. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted to ascertain the optimum condition for oil extraction, and the fatty acid composition of the oil were analyzed. Results indicated that the optimal parameters of extraction were using ethanol concentration 100%, material/solvent ratio 1:12 and extraction temperature 90 ℃. Under these conditions, the extraction yield was high up 45.36%(v/w).According to the results of GC-MS analysis, the camellia seed oil was composed of eight kinds of fatty acids. The content of 10-Octadecenoic acid was 77.57%. Calculating via the area normalization method, the unsaturated fatty acid accounted for 88.01% (w/w) of the total amount of oil. Therefore, the camellia seed oil was a kind of nutritional oil with a high development potential.

Keywords: Physicochemical properties; Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis; Fatty acid

Introduction

The genus Camellia, native to East Asia, belongs to the Theaceae family and comprise ca.100 large evergreen shrub species world-wide. They are economically important for human consumption (eg., Camellia sinensis), oil production (eg., C. oleifera), cosmetics (eg., C.japonica, C. reticulate, and as ornamental plants (eg., C. japonica, C. reticulate, and C.sasanqua). In China, the seeds of C. oleifera can be pressed to obtain high quality oils (camellia seed oils) that are used extensively for cooking. The fatty acid (FA) composition of edible oil contains abundant unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) [1]. The UFA content in the oil can reach as much as 90%, which may be highest amount so far reported in edible oils. Moreover, its monounsaturated FA content is greater than that of olive oil, which is UFA complies completely with the international nutritional standards of “omega meals”.[2-6] Camellia oil is often the target of adulteration or mislabeling because it is an expensive product with unique flavor and taste, good storage stability and high nutritional and medicinal values.

In China, oil extraction technologies that have been extensively studied and applied mainly include: physical pressing method [7], organic solvent dissolution method [8], supercritical CO2 extraction method [9-10], water generation method [11] and water enzymatic method [12]. Physical compression results in high levels of grease impurities, high acid and peroxide values, and is not easy to store. The use of solvent No. 6 to extract oil and oil increases the oil production rate, but solvent evaporation and environmental pollution as well as solvent residue remain an insurmountable problem[13-14]. As an extraction solvent, ethanol had a wide application prospect because it was recyclable and belongs to a non-toxic, green and environmentally friendly environment. In response to these problems, the ethanol was used as an extraction solvent to extract camellia seed oil and optimize the extraction process to provide basic data support for the development of the camellia seed oil industry.

Materials & Methods

2.1. Plant materials

Camellia seeds(C. oleifera A.)were obtained from the Hubei Suizhou Yunwu Mountain Tea Farm. These samples were stored at ambient condition in air tight plastic containers until used. These seeds were sieved using 60 mesh sieves (250mm). The seeds free of foreign matter were then used directly for oil extraction after grinding into fine powder. The moisture content of camellia seeds was 2.91% by dry method. And the fat content was 49.5% by Soxhlet extraction method.

2.2 Single factor experiment

(1) Effect of ethanol concentration on extraction rate. Weigh 60g of camellia seed in 1000mL conical flask, add ethanol solution with concentration of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% according to the ratio of material to liquid 1:6. Then, condensing and refluxing for 2 h under the conditions of the extraction temperature of 75 °C, the mixture was filtered, and the supernatant was collected, then concentrated by rotary evaporation, and the obtained oil was collected.

(2) Effect of materials/liquid ratio on extraction rate. Weigh 60g of camellia seed in 1000mL conical flask, add ethanol solution with materials/liquid ratio of 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 1:14 (m/v) according to the ethanol concentrations 95% . Then, condensing and refluxing for 2 h under the conditions of the extraction temperature of 75 °C, the mixture was filtered, and the supernatant was collected, then concentrated by rotary evaporation, and the obtained oil was collected.

(3) Effect of extraction temperature on extraction rate. Weigh 60g of camellia seed in a 1000mL Erlenmeyer flask, add 95% ethanol solution according to the material/ liquid ratio 1:10, and condense and reflux for 2h at 55 °C, 65 °C, 75 °C, 85 °C, 95 °C, the mixture was filtered, and the supernatant was collected, then concentrated by rotary evaporation, and the obtained oil was collected.

(4)Response surface experiment

On the basis of the single-factor experimental results, the response surface experiment was used to optimize the ethanol extraction of camellia seed oil. The ethanol concentration(X1), materials/liquid ratio(X2) and temperature(X3) were selected as the influencing factors, and the oil extraction rate was the experimental index. The response surface experimental design results are shown in Table 1.

Table1:  Factors and levels of experiment

Level

Factors

X1

X2

X3

1

100

1:12

90

0

95

1:10

85

-1

90

1:8

80

-1

90

1:8

80

2.3 Determination of oil yield

The yield of oil was calculated by taking into account the mass of the extracted oil and the mass of the seed flour (dry basis) used for oil extraction by using Eq.(1)

https://www.siftdesk.org/articles/images/475/e1.png

In the middle:ω-extraction rate,%;m1-mass of seed flour,g;m2-mass of extracted oil,g;c1-moisture content,%。

2.4 Fatty acid composition

Fatty acids of oils were saponified and methyl-esterified, based on the MIDI protocols. The GC-MS analysis for the fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)(1μL)was conducted using an QP2010 plus gas chromatograph (Shimadzu technologies) equipped with a capillary column, HP-88, with dimensions of 100 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm film thickness (Shimadzu technologies). The capillary column temperature was programmed from 150 to 250℃ by starting from 150℃ for 2min,increasing at a rate of 2℃ min-1, and the holding and at 250℃ for 10min.Helium was the carrier gas with a flow rate of 35.6 mL min-1.The mass spectrometer was operated in the electron impact mode. The FAME profile was identified by comparing with the database, National Institute of Standard Technology (NJST) Library. The individual fatty acid composition was expressed as percentages of total fatty acids [15].

2.5 Statistical analysis

All the experiments were performed in triplicate, and statistical significance was calculated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A value of p≤0.05 indicated statistical significance, using Least-Significant Difference tests.

 

Results

3.1 Effect of Ethanol Concentration on Extraction Rate of Camellia Seed Oil

Figure 1 shows the effect of different ethanol concentrations on the extraction rate of Camellia seed oil. From the figure, the extraction rate of Camellia seeds oil decreases with increasing ethanol concentration in a certain ethanol concentration range. When the ethanol concentration exceeds 90%. The extraction rate shows a sudden increase. TANG Zuojiao et al. [16] used ethanol to extract oil from the camellia cake. The experimental results of ethanol concentration of 60% to 95% were increasing, which is quite different from the study. Li Min et al. [17] used ethanol to extract tea saponin from Camellia cake. It was found that the extraction rate of tea saponin increased first and then decreased in the range of 60% to 95% ethanol concentration. The reason for the decrease in this study was that the increase was caused by ethanol. The concentration is less than 90%, and certain tea saponin is also dissolved with the oil, which is consistent with the test phenomenon. The low-concentration ethanol extracts the oil to appear dark red, and the ethanol extract with a concentration of more than 90% is pale yellow. As can be seen from Figure 2, the higher the ethanol concentration, the yellower the oil color, the lower the oil tea saponin content, and the purer the oil. This figure can visually verify the above analysis results.

https://www.siftdesk.org/articles/images/475/1.png

Fig.1 Effect of different ethanol concentration on extraction rate of camellia seed oil

https://www.siftdesk.org/articles/images/475/2.png

a-ethanol concentration 50%, b-ethanol concentration 60%, c-ethanol concentration 70%, d-ethanol concentration 80%, e-ethanol concentration 90%, f-ethanol concentration 100%

Fig.2 Effect diagram of extracting camellia seed oil with different ethanol concentration

3.2 Effect of material-liquid ratio on extraction rate of camellia seed oil

Figure 3 shows the effect of different ratios of material to liquid on the extraction rate of camellia seed oil. From the figure, as the ratio of material to liquid increases, the extraction rate of camellia seed oil increases continuously. The larger the ratio of material to liquid, the higher the extraction rate. When the liquid ratio exceeds 1:10, the extraction rate increases slowly with the ratio of material to liquid. As the ratio of liquid to liquid increases, the amount of ethanol used increases, and the contact between oil and ethanol is more. The movement between them is more intense and the oil is more likely to spread. However, the amount of camellia seed is certain. Once the saturation state is reached, the amount of oil extracted also reaches a certain level, and the extraction rate tends to be stable. In order to reduce the amount of ethanol and reduce the production cost, it is suitable to select a ratio of material to liquid of 1:10.

https://www.siftdesk.org/articles/images/475/3.png

Fig.3 Effect of different ratios of material to liquid on extraction rate of camellia seed oil

3.3 Effect of extraction temperature on extraction rate of camellia seed oil

Figure 4 shows the effect of different extraction temperatures on the extraction rate of Camellia seed oil. From the figure, the extraction rate of Camellia seed oil increases with the increase of extraction temperature. The higher the temperature, the higher the extraction rate, the higher the temperature will accelerate the oil. The movement of particles and ethanol molecules makes the dissolved fat more, and the boiling point of ethanol is 78.3 ° C. Above this temperature, the ethanol will boil, which is more conducive to the movement of the oil and better to dissolve with ethanol. However, the higher the temperature, the faster the ethanol volatilizes, and the oil may not be completely dissolved. Therefore, the extraction rate is not well controlled at 95 ° C. Considering various conditions, 85 ° C is selected as the optimum temperature.

https://www.siftdesk.org/articles/images/475/4.png

Fig.4 Effect of different ratios of extraction temperature on extraction rate of camellia seed oil

3.4 Optimization of oil extraction process conditions by response surface experimental design

According to the single factor test results and the central combination experimental design principle of Box-Behnken experimental design, the material-to-liquid ratio (X1), extraction temperature (X2) and ethanol concentration (X3) were selected as the influencing factors, and the oil extraction rate (Y) was the experiment. The results of the response surface experimental design are shown in Table 2.

Table2: Box-Behnken Experimental design and results

No

X1

X2

X3

Y (%)

1

1

1

0

44.66

2

1

0

1

42.08

3

1

0

-1

40.32

4

1

-1

0

36.88

5

0

1

1

30.51

6

0

1

-1

26.58

7

0

0

0

26.87

8

0

0

0

26.87

9

0

0

0

26.87

10

0

-1

1

26.08

11

0

-1

-1

22.45

12

-1

1

0

28.10

13

-1

0

1

27.51

14

-1

0

-1

27.52

15

-1

-1

0

24.10

16

0

0

0

26.87

17

0

0

0

26.87

 

Table3: Model analysis of variance

Source

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F Value

p-value

Prob>F

Significant

Model

692.68

9

76.96

89.78

<0.0001

**

X1-X1

402.00

1

402.00

468.95

<0.0001

**

X2-X2

51.71

1

51.71

60.33

0.0001

**

X3-X3

10.83

1

10.83

12.64

0.0093

**

X1X2

3.57

1

3.57

4.17

0.0806

 

X1X3

0.78

1

0.78

0.91

0.3710

 

X2X3

0.023

1

0.023

0.026

0.8759

 

X12

221.85

1

221.85

258.80

<0.0001

**

X22

2.03

1

2.03

2.36

0.1681

 

X32

0.22

1

0.22

0.26

0.6278

 

Residual

6.00

7

0.86

 

 

 

Lack of Fit

6.00

3

2.00

 

 

 

Pure Error

0.00

4

0.00

 

 

 

Cor Total

698.68

16

 

 

 

 

Note: p < 0.01, which is extremely significant, indicated by **; p < 0.05, significant, indicated by *; p > 0.05, is not significant.

Using the Design-Expert 8.0 software to perform multiple regression fitting on the experimental results in Table 2, the quadratic multiple regression equations of ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio and extraction temperature on oil extraction rate can be obtained:

Y=26.87+7.09X1+2.54X2+1.16X3+0.95X1X2+0.44X1X3+0.075X2X3+7.26X12-0.69X22+0.23X32(1)

The equation R2 = 0.9914, which fully demonstrates the high degree of fit of the model over the boundaries of the experimental range. Equation analysis and significance test were performed on the regression equation. The results are shown in Table 3.

It can be seen from Table 3 that the secondary term of ethanol concentration (X1), solid-liquid ratio (X2), temperature (X3), and ethanol concentration (X1) have a significant effect on the oil extraction rate (P<0.01). The interaction of the factors is not significant.

To maximize the R value, the optimal solution is obtained for the above equation (1), X1=1.00, X2=1.00, X3=1.00, that is, the ethanol concentration is 100%, the ratio of material to liquid is 1:12, and the extraction temperature is 90 °C. The maximum extraction rate(Y) is 45.92%. The test was repeated three times for the above parameters and the average value Y is 45.36%.

3.5 Fatty acid composition of camellia seed oil

Camellia seed oil was subjected to methylation treatment and analyzed by GC-MS. The ion chromatogram of the gas chromatograph is shown in Fig. 5. After analysis by computer chemistry workstation, the fatty acids are detected. The area normalization method is used to calculate the relative fatty acids in the oil. Percentage, the results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 shows the fatty acid composition and relative percentage of camellia seed oil. From the table, the fatty acids in camellia seed oil mainly include octadecenoic acid, hexadecadienoic acid and palmitic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids account for 88.01%. Among them, octadecenoic acid accounted for 77.57%. It can be seen that camellia seed oil is a kind of oil mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids. This characteristic is significantly different from other vegetable oils and fats. Currently, polyunsaturated fatty acids. The development has become one of the hotspots of functional food research, so camellia seed oil is a nutrient oil with high development potential.

https://www.siftdesk.org/articles/images/475/5.png

Fig.5 GC-MS spectrum of camellia seed oil

 

Table5 Fatty acids composition of Camellia seed oil

Peak

Fatty acids species

Retention time

Relative percentage(%)

1

Hexadecanoic acid(C16:0)

24.148

7.32

2

9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid(C16:2Δ9,Δ12)

31.723

8.63

3

10-Octadecenoic acid(C18:1Δ10)

32.132

77.57

4

13-Octadecenoic acid(C18:1Δ13)

32.278

1.56

5

Octadecanoic acid(C18:0)

33.189

1.69

6

7-Hexadecenoic acid(C16:1Δ7)

35.822

0.05

7

Tetracosanoic acid

36.127

0.88

8

α-Linolenic acid(C18:3Δ9,12,15)

37.234

0.20

 

Saturated fatty acid

 

9.89

 

Monounsaturated fatty acids

 

79.18

 

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

 

8.83

 

Unsaturated fatty acid

 

88.01

Conclusion

Ethanol was used for the extraction of oils such as soybean oil [18], rice bran oil [19] and sunflower oil [20], and ethanol was safe, non-toxic and recyclable. Therefore, this study used ethanol to extract camellia seed oil.

The results of single factor analysis showed that the low concentration of ethanol was accompanied by the spillage of tea saponin in the process of oil extraction, which affected the quality of oil. The higher the temperature, the more beneficial to increase the solubility of ethanol to oil; the larger the ratio of material to liquid, the oil extraction The higher the rate, the more the ratio of material to liquid increases, the extraction efficiency gradually stabilizes.

Extracting camellia seed oil with ethanol, optimize the process conditions by response surface experiment design, and obtain the optimal process conditions: ethanol concentration 100%, material-liquid ratio 1:12%, extraction temperature 90 °C, mountain tea under this condition. The extraction rate of seed oil was 45.36%. The response surface mathematical model obtained in this experiment can predict the extraction rate of oil in Camellia seed oil.

The fatty acid in the oil was detected by GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The octadecenoic acid in camellia seed oil is the main fatty acid component, and the unsaturated fatty acid in the oil is 88.01%. Unsaturated fatty acid-based oils have very high development value.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (No.1630122017014).

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